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+/* License: AGPLv3 or later. https://www.gnu.org/licenses/licenses.html
+ * 
+ * Assignment 1 - Text Analysis
+ * Manish
+ * Student Login: *****
+ * 
+ * Compile it as:
+ * gcc -Wall -std=c11 -o ass1 ass1.c
+ * 
+ * Relevant code has been carried over from Lab Exercises
+ * 
+ * Word are ordered by decreasing count and than alphabetically in
+ * ascending order. Eg:
+ * 15 hello
+ * 15 world
+ */
+
+#include <ctype.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+typedef struct
+{
+    // Word
+    int start;
+    /* Not required as next node's start -1 is end.
+     * For last word, it's text_size -1.
+     */
+    // int end;
+    int count;
+
+    // AVL tree
+    int left;
+    int right;
+    int height;
+} node;
+
+// This is the AVL tree
+int root = -1;
+node tree[50000];
+int tree_size = 0;
+
+// All words in string pool. Their index in AVL tree
+char text[500000];
+int text_size = 0;
+
+/* Alphabetical index is built by traversing through tree.
+ * Thereafter, sort indexes by count using merge sort.
+ */
+int indexes[50000];
+int indexes_size = 0;
+
+int min(int i, int j);
+int max(int i, int j);
+
+int string_compare(int node_i, int index_j);
+int new_entry(int start);
+int height(int node);
+void update_hegiht(int node);
+int insert(int start, int node);
+int rotate_right(int old_parent);
+int rotate_left(int old_parent);
+void build_index(int node_index);
+
+void merge_sort();
+
+void print_word(int node);
+
+int main(void)
+{
+    printf("Enter file name: ");
+    char filename[257];
+    // Assuming filename/file path won't be longer than 256 characters
+    scanf("%256s", filename);
+
+    FILE* file = fopen(filename, "r");
+    if (!file)
+    {
+        perror(filename);
+        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+    }
+
+    // read word and add node to AVL tree
+    int word_start = text_size;
+    int tree_len = tree_size;
+    char c;
+    bool in_word = false;
+    while ((c = fgetc(file)) != EOF)
+    {
+        if (isalpha(c))
+        {
+            if (!in_word)
+            {
+                in_word = true;
+                word_start = text_size;
+            }
+            text[text_size++] = tolower(c);
+        }
+        else if (isspace(c))
+        {
+            if (in_word)
+            {
+                root = insert(word_start, root);
+                // if word not added because duplicate
+                if (tree_len == tree_size)
+                {
+                    text_size = word_start;
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    tree_len = tree_size;
+                }
+            }
+            in_word = false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    fclose(file);
+
+    build_index(root);
+
+    merge_sort();
+
+    printf("First 10 words in index:\n");
+    int upto = min(indexes_size, 10);
+    for (int i = 0; i < upto; i++)
+    {
+        print_word(indexes[i]);
+    }
+    printf("\n\nLast 10 words in index:\n");
+    int from = max(indexes_size - 11, 0);
+    for (int i = from; i < indexes_size; i++)
+    {
+        print_word(indexes[i]);
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+int min(int i, int j)
+{
+    if (i <= j)
+        return i;
+    return j;
+}
+
+int max(int i, int j)
+{
+    if (i >= j)
+        return i;
+    return j;
+}
+
+/* node_i is a word added to tree and index_j is last word in
+ * text that needs to be compared.
+ */
+int string_compare(int node_i, int index_j)
+{
+    /* If alphabetically node_i comes before than -1
+     * if node_i == index_j than 0
+     * if alphabetically nojde_j comes before than 1
+     */
+    int i = tree[node_i].start;
+    int j = index_j;
+    int i_end;
+    if (node_i + 1 == tree_size) // node_i is last entry
+        i_end = index_j;
+    else
+        i_end = tree[node_i + 1].start; // start of next word in text array
+    int j_end = text_size;
+    while (i < i_end && j < j_end)
+    {
+        if (text[i] < text[j])
+            return -1;
+        if (text[i++] > text[j++])
+            return 1;
+    }
+    // till now both are equal
+    if (i < i_end) // i is longer
+        return 1;
+    if (j < j_end) // j is longer
+        return -1;
+    return 0; // Both equal and same length
+}
+
+int new_entry(int word_start)
+{
+    tree[tree_size].start = word_start;
+    tree[tree_size].count = 1;
+    tree[tree_size].left = -1;
+    tree[tree_size].right = -1;
+    tree[tree_size].height = 0;
+    return tree_size++;
+}
+
+int height(int node)
+{
+    if (node >= 0)
+    {
+        return tree[node].height;
+    }
+    return node; // -1
+}
+
+void update_hegiht(int node)
+{
+    int left_height = height(tree[node].left);
+    int right_height = height(tree[node].right);
+    tree[node].height = max(left_height, right_height) + 1;
+}
+
+int insert(int word_start, int node)
+{
+    if (node < 0)
+    {
+        return new_entry(word_start);
+    }
+    int comparison = string_compare(node, word_start);
+    // new_word == our_word
+    if (comparison == 0)
+        tree[node].count++;
+    // new_word < our_word
+    else if (comparison > 0)
+    {
+        tree[node].left = insert(word_start, tree[node].left);
+        // if tree imbalance
+        if (height(tree[node].left) - height(tree[node].right) >= 2)
+        {
+            if (string_compare(tree[node].left, word_start) > 0) // Case 1
+            {
+                node = rotate_right(node);
+            }
+            else // Case 2
+            {
+                tree[node].left = rotate_left(tree[node].left);
+                node = rotate_right(node);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    // new_word > our_word
+    else if (comparison < 0)
+    {
+        tree[node].right = insert(word_start, tree[node].right);
+        // if tree imbalance
+        if (height(tree[node].right) - height(tree[node].left) >= 2)
+        {
+            if (string_compare(tree[node].right, word_start) > 0) // Case 3
+            {
+                tree[node].right = rotate_right(tree[node].right);
+                node = rotate_left(node);
+            }
+            else // Case 4
+            {
+                node = rotate_left(node);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    update_hegiht(node);
+    return node;
+}
+
+int rotate_right(int old_parent)
+{
+    int new_parent = tree[old_parent].left;
+    tree[old_parent].left = tree[new_parent].right;
+    tree[new_parent].right = old_parent;
+    update_hegiht(old_parent);
+    update_hegiht(new_parent);
+    return new_parent; // to be updated in it's grand parent node
+}
+
+int rotate_left(int old_parent)
+{
+    int new_parent = tree[old_parent].right;
+    tree[old_parent].right = tree[new_parent].left;
+    tree[new_parent].left = old_parent;
+    update_hegiht(old_parent);
+    update_hegiht(new_parent);
+    return new_parent; // to be updated in it's grand parent node
+}
+
+void build_index(int node)
+{
+    if (node < 0)
+        return;
+    build_index(tree[node].left);
+    indexes[indexes_size++] = node;
+    build_index(tree[node].right);
+}
+
+void merge_sort()
+{
+    int temp[indexes_size];
+
+    // These pointers will be swapped at every iteration
+    int* src = indexes;
+    int* dst = temp;
+    int* tmp;
+
+    int merge_size = 1;
+    // It looks O(scary!) but is as efficient as other loop based merge sort
+    while (merge_size < indexes_size)
+    {
+        int i = 0;
+        while (i < indexes_size)
+        {
+            int left_upto = min(i + merge_size, indexes_size);
+            int l = i;
+            int r = left_upto;
+            int right_upto = min(i + (2 * merge_size), indexes_size);
+            while (l < left_upto && r < right_upto)
+            {
+                if (tree[src[l]].count >= tree[src[r]].count)
+                {
+                    dst[i++] = src[l++];
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    dst[i++] = src[r++];
+                }
+            }
+            for (; l < left_upto; l++)
+            {
+                dst[i++] = src[l];
+            }
+            for (; r < right_upto; r++)
+            {
+                dst[i++] = src[r];
+            }
+        }
+        tmp = src;
+        src = dst;
+        dst = tmp;
+        merge_size *= 2;
+    }
+    /* if loop ended with final merge in temp array than copy it back to
+     * indexes array
+     */
+    if (&indexes[0] != &src[0])
+    {
+        for (int i = 0; i < indexes_size; i++)
+        {
+            indexes[i] = src[i];
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+void print_word(int node)
+{
+    int word_length;
+    if (node + 1 == tree_size) // last word in tree
+        word_length = text_size - tree[node].start;
+    else
+        word_length = tree[node + 1].start - tree[node].start;
+    printf(
+        "%d %.*s\n",
+        tree[node].count,
+        word_length,
+        &text[tree[node].start]);
+}